alcohol: [16] Originally, alcohol was a powder, not a liquid. The word comes from Arabic alkuhul, literally ‘the kohl’ – that is, powdered antimony used as a cosmetic for darkening the eyelids. This was borrowed into English via French or medieval Latin, and retained this ‘powder’ meaning for some centuries (for instance, ‘They put between the eyelids and the eye a certain black powder made of a mineral brought from the kingdom of Fez, and called Alcohol’, George Sandys, Travels 1615).
But a change was rapidly taking place: from specifically ‘antimony’, alcohol came to mean any substance obtained by sublimation, and hence ‘quintessence’. Alcohol of wine was thus the ‘quintessence of wine’, produced by distillation or rectification, and by the middle of the 18th century alcohol was being used on its own for the intoxicating ingredient in strong liquor.
The more precise chemical definition (a compound with a hydroxyl group bound to a hydrocarbon group) developed in the 19th century. => kohl
alcohol (n.)
1540s (early 15c. as alcofol), "fine powder produced by sublimation," from Medieval Latin alcohol "powdered ore of antimony," from Arabic al-kuhul "kohl," the fine metallic powder used to darken the eyelids, from kahala "to stain, paint." The al- is the Arabic definite article, "the."
"Powdered cosmetic" was the earliest sense in English; definition broadened 1670s to "any sublimated substance, the pure spirit of anything," including liquids. Modern sense of "intoxicating ingredient in strong liquor" is first recorded 1753, short for alcohol of wine, which was extended to "the intoxicating element in fermented liquors." In organic chemistry, the word was extended 1850 to the class of compounds of the same type as this.
双语例句
1. In 1985, he began to show signs of alcohol and drug dependency.
在1985年，他开始表现出酗酒嗜毒的迹象。
来自柯林斯例句
2. Many motor accidents are the result of unthinkingly mixing speed and alcohol.
许多机动车事故都是不计后果地酒后开快车造成的。
来自柯林斯例句
3. He was arrested on suspicion of driving under the influence of alcohol.
他因涉嫌酒后驾驶被捕。
来自柯林斯例句
4. He was too high on drugs and alcohol to remember them.
他吸毒酗酒后处于极度兴奋状态，已经记不得他们了。
来自柯林斯例句
5. Our spirits rallied as the bitter-sweet alcohol worked its magic.